Map the kidney and its nephron, follow filtrate through filtration, reabsorption and secretion to concentrated urine, and explain uraemia, stones, glomerulonephritis, dialysis and transplant.
The excretory system usually earns one or two of the fifteen Human Biology questions. MEC's scope line is "Excretory organs; Urine formation; Concept of renal disorders", the third point new in 2026. The usual angles:
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