The MBBS/BDS common entrance is conducted by the Medical Education Commission (MEC). Below is the current MECEE-BL blueprint — weightage and, new in the third revision of 2026-04-28, the exact content scope of every unit — and the archived pre-2020 IOM pattern, matched by our question bank and reading library.
MECEE-BL 2020+
Current
The current common entrance conducted by the Medical Education Commission for MBBS/BDS. 200 single-best-answer MCQs in 3 hours with 0.25 negative marking and a Mental Agility Test section.
Questions
200
Full marks
200
Duration
180 min
Per question
+1
Negative marking
−0.25
Options
4 (A–D)
MAT section
Yes (20 Q)
Pass rule
50th percentile (norm-referenced merit list)
Old IOM (Pre-2020)
Archive
The pre-2020 Institute of Medicine entrance: 100 MCQs in 2 hours, no negative marking and no MAT section. Kept for archive practice.
Questions
100
Full marks
100
Duration
120 min
Per question
+1
Negative marking
None
Options
4 (A–D)
MAT section
No
Pass rule
50% fixed pass mark
MECEE-BL subject & topic weightage
Question counts per subject and topic (MBBS/BDS cluster). Total 200.
Zoology
40 Q
Evolutionary Biology
3
Animal Diversity and Classification
4
Animal Tissues and Histology
4
Study of Selected Animals
6
Human Biology and Physiology
15
Unit-wise content scope
What MEC says each unit contains, transcribed from §4.D of the third revision — the first revision to publish this. The reading library files its notes under exactly these chapters. MEC gives weights but no scope for MAT; those chapters are ours.
1.1Origin of life — Oparin–Haldane theory; Miller–Urey experiment
1.2Evidences of evolution — Morphological; Anatomical; Paleontological; Embryological; Biochemical
1.3Theories of evolution — Lamarckism; Darwinism; Neo-Darwinism
Cognitive difficulty mix
Official ratio across the paper.
Recall50%
Understanding30%
Application20%
Eligibility (MBBS/BDS)
• Passed 10+2 Science (or equivalent) with Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
• Minimum 50% aggregate marks or GPA ≥ 2.4.
• A-Level / IB and PCL Health Science equivalents accepted at the same threshold.
• Foreign applicants may additionally require a valid NEET-UG result.
Figures reflect recent admission cycles. Always confirm the current rules on the official MEC notice for your year.
Microbial Diseases and Immunology
4
Medical Technology and Applied Biology
2
Biota, Environment and Conservation
2
Botany
40 Q
Basic component of life
2
Biodiversity
9
Ecology and vegetation
4
Cell biology
5
Genetics
6
Plant anatomy
3
Plant physiology
6
Developmental botany
2
Applied botany
3
Chemistry
50 Q
Physical chemistry
17
Inorganic chemistry
10
Organic chemistry
17
Applied chemistry
3
Analytic chemistry
3
Physics
50 Q
Mechanics
10
Heat and thermodynamics
7
Waves and optics
8
Current electricity and magnetism
9
Electrostatics and capacitors
4
Modern physics
12
Mental Agility Test
20 Q
Verbal reasoning
5
Numerical reasoning
5
Logical sequencing
5
Spatial relation / Abstract reasoning
5
1.4Human evolution — From Ramapithecus to modern man
2.Animal Diversity and Classification1 ch.4 Q
2.1Diagnostic features and classification — Diagnostic features and classification from Protozoa to Chordata
3.Animal Tissues and Histology4 ch.4 Q
3.1Epithelial tissue — Structure, location and function
3.2Connective tissue — Structure, location and function
3.3Muscular tissue — Structure, location and function
3.4Nervous tissue — Structure, location and function
4.Study of Selected Animals3 ch.6 Q
4.1Plasmodium — Habitat; Structure; Life cycle; Types of malaria
4.2Earthworm (Pheretima) — Morphology; Different body systems and physiology; Economic importance
4.3Frog (Rana) — Morphology; Different body systems and physiology
5.Human Biology and Physiology8 ch.15 Q
5.1Digestive system — Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Physiology of digestion
5.2Respiratory system — Respiratory organs; Gas exchange and transport; Regulation of respiration; Concept of respiratory disorders
5.3Circulatory system — Heart; Cardiac cycle and cardiac output; Heartbeat; Arterial and venous system; Blood groups and blood pressure; Concept of cardiovascular disorders
5.4Excretory system — Excretory organs; Urine formation; Concept of renal disorders
5.5Nervous system — CNS, PNS and autonomic nervous system; Nerve impulse
5.6Sense organs — Eye; Ear
5.7Endocrinology — Glands; Hormones; Disorders
5.8Reproductive system — Organs; Gametogenesis; Ovarian and menstrual cycle
1.1Carbohydrates, lipids and minerals — Structure, types and biological role of carbohydrates; Lipids; Minerals
1.2Proteins and enzymes — Structure, types and biological role of proteins; Enzymes
2.Biodiversity11 ch.9 Q
2.1Introduction to classification — General concept of classification; Two-kingdom system; Taxonomic hierarchies and binomial nomenclature; Five-kingdom system; Three-domain system
2.2Monera and virus — Structure of the bacterial cell; Types of bacteria; Mode of nutrition in bacteria; Bacterial growth; General characteristics of cyanobacteria; Characteristics, structure and chemical composition of viruses; Types of viruses
2.3Fungi and lichens — Characteristic features of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes; Structure and reproduction of yeast and Mucor; Introduction and types of lichens
2.4Algae — General introduction; Characteristic features of Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae; Structure and reproduction of Spirogyra
2.5Bryophytes — Characteristic features of Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthocerotopsida (hornworts) and Bryopsida (mosses); Morphological structure and reproduction of Marchantia
2.6Pteridophytes — Characteristic features of pteridophytes; Morphological structure and reproduction of Dryopteris
2.7Gymnosperms — Characteristic features of gymnosperms; Morphological structure and reproduction of Pinus
2.8Angiosperms: morphology — Morphology of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower and fruit
2.9Angiosperms: families — Diagnostic characters, floral formulae and floral diagrams of Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae
2.10Economic importance — Economic importance of viruses, bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms of Nepal
3.3Vegetation and adaptation — Forest types of Nepal; Biological invasion; Ecological succession; Concept of ecological adaptation (hydrosere and xerosere)
4.Cell biology3 ch.5 Q
4.1Cell concept and cell theory — Concept of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell theory
4.2Cell organelles — Composition, structure and functions of the cell wall and cell membrane; Mitochondria; Chloroplasts; Endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi body; Lysosome; Ribosome; Nucleus and chromosomes; Cilia and flagella; Cell inclusions
4.3Cell cycle and cell division — Concept of the cell cycle; Amitosis, mitosis and meiosis; Cell division and its significance
5.Genetics5 ch.6 Q
5.1Genetic material — Composition, structure and functions of DNA and RNA; DNA replication; Concept of the central dogma; Genetic code
5.2Mendelian genetics — General terminology; Laws of inheritance; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance
5.3Linkage and crossing over — Concept and types of linkage; Complete and incomplete linkage; Concept and significance of crossing over
5.4Sex-linked inheritance — Concepts and patterns of sex-linked inheritance; Colour blindness in humans; Eye colour in Drosophila melanogaster
5.5Mutation, polyploidy and genetic disorders — Concept and types of mutation (gene and chromosomal); Importance of mutation; Polyploidy: origin, types and significance; Causes and examples of genetic disorders: Down's, Turner's, Edward's and Klinefelter's syndromes, albinism, haemophilia
6.Plant anatomy2 ch.3 Q
6.1Plant tissues — Concept, characters, classification, structure and functions of the different types of plant tissue; Types of vascular bundles
6.2Anatomy of root, stem and leaf — T.S. and L.S. of monocot and dicot root, stem and leaf
7.Plant physiology4 ch.6 Q
7.1Water relations — Diffusion, diffusion pressure and diffusion pressure deficit; Osmosis and its types; Plasmolysis; Osmotic pressure, osmotic potential, water potential, wall potential, turgor pressure and wall pressure; Transpiration; Ascent of sap; Absorption, imbibition, guttation and wilting
7.2Photosynthesis — Introduction and significance; Photosynthetic pigments; Photosystem I and II; Light-dependent reactions; Calvin–Benson cycle (C3); Hatch–Slack pathway (C4); Photorespiration; Factors affecting photosynthesis; Concept of bacterial photosynthesis
7.3Respiration — Introduction, significance and types of respiration; Mechanism of aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Glycolysis; Oxidative decarboxylation and Krebs (TCA) cycle; Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation; Anaerobic respiration and its mechanism; Factors affecting respiration
7.4Plant growth — Physiological roles and applications of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins; Seed germination and its types; Seed dormancy
8.Developmental botany2 ch.2 Q
8.1Reproduction in angiosperms — Asexual reproduction; Sporogenesis and gametogenesis in angiosperms; Pollination and its types; Fertilisation
8.2Embryo and endosperm — Structure of monocot and dicot embryo; Types and functions of endosperm
9.Applied botany3 ch.3 Q
9.1Plant tissue culture — Introduction, concept, types and applications
9.2Genetic engineering — Introduction, concept and applications
9.3Biofertilisers, breeding and food security — Biofertilisers; Green manures; Plant breeding; Bio-engineering; Food safety and security
1.1Basic concepts in chemistry — Atoms, molecules and valency; Relative atomic mass and molecular mass; atomic mass unit; Radicals; Molecular formula, empirical formula and chemical equations; Percentage composition
1.2Stoichiometry — Dalton's atomic theory; Laws of stoichiometry; Avogadro's law and its applications; Mole concept; Limiting reactants; Percentage yield; Related numerical problems
1.3Atomic structure — Rutherford's and Bohr's atomic models; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom; de Broglie's wave equation; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; Orbitals and quantum numbers; Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule; Electronic configuration
1.4Classification of elements and periodicity — Modern periodic law and table; s, p, d and f block elements; Isoelectronic species; Periodic trends: atomic size, ionic size, ionisation potential, electronegativity, electron affinity, metallic character
1.5Chemical bonding and shape of molecules — Electronic theory of valency; Ionic, covalent and co-ordinate covalent bonds; Lewis dot structures of s- and p-block compounds; VSEPR theory and the shape of simple molecules; Valence bond theory (sigma and pi bonds) and hybridisation; Dipole moment and ionic character in covalent bonds; Bond length; Hydrogen bonding, metallic bond and van der Waals forces
1.6Redox reactions — Classical and electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction; Oxidation number; Balancing by the oxidation-number and ion-electron methods; Applications of redox reactions
1.7States of matter — Gases: kinetic theory, gas laws, ideal and combined gas equation, deviation of real gases; Liquids: vapour pressure, boiling point, surface tension, viscosity, liquid crystals, solution, solubility and solubility curves; Solids: crystalline and amorphous solids, efflorescence, deliquescence and hygroscopic solids, crystallisation and water of crystallisation, crystal growth, unit cell, the 7 crystal systems and 14 Bravais lattices, classification by dominant bond
1.8Chemical equilibrium — Physical and chemical equilibrium; Law of mass action and equilibrium constants; Reaction quotient; Relationship between Kp and Kc; Le Chatelier's principle and its applications
1.9Volumetric analysis — Equivalent weights; Concentration: percentage, g/L, normality, molarity, molality, formality, ppm, ppb and mole fraction; Primary and secondary standard substances; Law of equivalence and the normality equation; Related numerical problems
1.10Ionic equilibrium — Arrhenius theory of ionisation; Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis acids and bases; Ostwald's dilution law; Ionic product of water; pKa, pKb, pH and pOH; Common-ion effect, solubility and solubility product, and their applications; Acidic and basic buffer solutions; Types of salts and qualitative hydrolysis of salts; Related numerical problems
1.11Chemical kinetics — Rate of reaction and equivalent rate expressions; Rate constant and its unit; order and molecularity; Integrated rate laws for zero- and first-order reactions, their half-lives and characteristics; Collision theory, activation energy, threshold energy and the activated complex; Factors affecting rate; Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis; Related numerical problems
1.12Electrochemistry — Electrolytic cells; qualitative and quantitative aspects of electrolysis; Standard electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrode; Electrochemical series and its applications; Galvanic cells and standard emf; Commercial, primary and secondary cells; hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell; Related numerical problems
1.13Chemical thermodynamics — Systems and surroundings: open, closed and isolated; state of a system and state functions; Internal energy; exothermic and endothermic processes; extensive and intensive properties; Thermodynamic processes and the first law; Enthalpy of reaction, solution, formation, combustion, neutralisation, fusion and vaporisation; Laplace's law and Hess's law; Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes; entropy and the second law; Gibbs free energy, prediction of spontaneity and its relation to the equilibrium constant; Related numerical problems
1.14Nuclear chemistry — Radioactivity; Types of nuclear reactions; Radioisotopes; Radiocarbon dating
2.Inorganic chemistry3 ch.10 Q
2.1Chemistry of non-metals — Atomic, molecular and nascent hydrogen; isotopes of hydrogen; heavy water; Types of oxides; Preparation, structure and test of ozone; ozone-layer depletion; Chemical properties of ammonia, phosphine and nitric acid; General characteristics, preparation, chemical properties and tests of chlorine, bromine and iodine; Preparation and chemical properties of HCl, HBr and HI; Allotropes of carbon; chemical properties of carbon monoxide; Chemical properties of hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid
2.2Chemistry of metals — Metallurgical principles: hydro-, pyro- and electrometallurgy; ores, gangue, flux, slag; concentration, calcination, roasting, smelting, bessemerisation, aluminothermy, electrochemical reduction, poling, electro-refining, zone refining; General characteristics of alkali and alkaline-earth metals; chemical properties of sodium, sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate; General characteristics of transition metals (3d series); Shapes of complex ions (tetrahedral, square planar, octahedral); crystal field theory of octahedral complexes; Occurrence, extraction and chemical properties of copper, zinc, mercury, silver and iron; Chemical properties of blue vitriol, white vitriol, calomel and corrosive sublimate; Manufacture of steel by the basic-oxygen and open-hearth processes; corrosion of iron
2.3Bio-inorganic chemistry — Concept of micro- and macronutrients; Biological importance of Na, K, Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, Cr and Ca ions; Sodium–potassium and sodium–glucose pumps; Toxicity of iron, arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium
3.Organic chemistry11 ch.17 Q
3.1General organic chemistry — Tetra-covalency and catenation of carbon; Classification of organic compounds; alkyl and aryl groups; functional groups; homologous series; IUPAC nomenclature of aliphatic compounds; Isomerism; Heterolytic and homolytic bond fission; Electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations, carbanions and free radicals; Inductive and resonance effects
3.2Hydrocarbons — Cracking, pyrolysis and reforming; quality of gasoline, octane number, cetane number and gasoline additives; Isomerism, IUPAC names and general methods of preparation of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes; Chemical properties of ethane; Addition reactions of alkenes; Addition reactions and acidity of alkynes
3.3Aromatic hydrocarbons — Aromaticity and resonance; Preparation and chemical properties of benzene
3.4Haloalkanes and haloarenes — Nomenclature, isomerism and classification; Preparation and properties of monohaloalkanes; Concept of SN1 and SN2 mechanisms; Preparation and chemical properties of chloroform and chlorobenzene
3.5Alcohols and phenols — Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohols; preparation and chemical properties; Industrial manufacture: oxo process, hydroboration–oxidation of ethene, fermentation of sugar; Types of ethanol: absolute, power, methylated, rectified spirit, alcoholic beverages; Preparation and properties of phenol
3.6
4.Applied chemistry3 ch.3 Q
4.1Chemical industry and manufacturing processes — Chemical industry: importance and production stages; Economical production and plant management: cost, cash flow, operation and design; Continuous and batch processing; Environmental effect of the chemical industry and control measures; Cement; paper and pulp; Ostwald's process (nitric acid), Haber's process (ammonia), Contact process (sulphuric acid), diaphragm cell (caustic soda), Solvay process (sodium carbonate), ammonium-carbamate process (urea)
4.2Applications of non-metals, metals and compounds — Inorganic: hydrogen and its isotopes, oxygen, ozone, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide, nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, sulphur, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, hypo, halogens and halogen acids, carbon, carbon monoxide, phosphorus, phosphine, sodium, caustic soda, washing soda, baking soda, quick lime, slaked lime, bleaching powder, plaster of Paris, magnesia, Epsom salt, gypsum, copper, blue vitriol, black and red oxides of copper, zinc, white vitriol, mercury, calomel, corrosive sublimate, iron, silver chloride and silver nitrate; Organic: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, chloroform, alcohols, phenol, aldehydes and ketones, ethers, haloarenes, carboxylic acids and derivatives, nitro compounds, amines, formalin, chloropicrin, chloretone, Grignard reagent
4.3Chemistry in service to mankind — Polymers, dyes, drugs, pesticides and fertilisers; Applications of colloids, osmotic pressure and buffers in daily life; Medical and industrial applications of radioisotopes
5.Analytic chemistry3 ch.3 Q
5.1Chemical tests — Tests of acid and basic radicals; Tests of unsaturation and functional groups; distinction tests of organic compounds; Hetero-element detection by Lassaigne's test; Biomolecule tests: fat, protein and carbohydrate
5.2Separation techniques — Filtration, sublimation, evaporation and precipitation; Simple and fractional crystallisation; Simple, fractional and vacuum distillation; Paper chromatography; Atmolysis
5.3Types of titration — Acid–base titration and selection of indicators; Redox titration: permanganometric, iodometric and iodimetric; Complexometric titration
1.1Physical quantities, vectors and scalars — Precision, accuracy, significant figures and dimensional analysis; Concept, laws and calculations related to vectors and scalars
1.2Kinematics — Concepts, calculations and graphical treatment of linear and projectile motion, with and without resistive force
1.3Dynamics — Newton's laws and equilibrium conditions; Force, impulse, momentum, torque, work, energy and power in linear motion; Collisions; Solid friction
1.4Rotational dynamics — Moment of inertia (rigid uniform rod only) and radius of gyration; Torque, work, energy and power in rotational motion
1.5Fluid statics and dynamics — Pressure, surface tension and surface energy, capillary action; Newton's law of viscosity, Stokes' law, Poiseuille's law and Bernoulli's principle, with applications
1.6Circular and periodic motion — Displacement, velocity, acceleration and centripetal force in horizontal and vertical circles; Simple harmonic motion: period, frequency, displacement, amplitude, velocity, acceleration, restoring force and energy, with graphical treatment; Concept of forced oscillations
1.7Gravity — Gravitational force, acceleration, field strength, energy and potential: laws, calculations and graphical treatment
1.8Elasticity — Stress, strain, moduli of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and energy density
2.Heat and thermodynamics6 ch.7 Q
2.1Thermal energy, heat, temperature and thermometers — Concept of thermal energy, heat and temperature; Modes and laws of heat flow: zeroth law and Stefan–Boltzmann law; Liquid-in-glass, resistance and radiation thermometers: principle, advantages and limitations
2.2Thermal expansion — Linear, superficial and cubical expansion; Real and apparent expansion of liquids
2.3Quantity of heat — Heat capacity and specific heat capacity; Latent heats; Triple point
2.4Ideal gas — Molecular properties of an ideal gas; Pressure, volume, temperature, rms speed and energy
2.5First law of thermodynamics — Thermodynamic systems and processes: adiabatic, isothermal, isochoric and isobaric
2.6Second law of thermodynamics — Heat engines (internal combustion) and refrigerators; Concept of entropy
3.Waves and optics6 ch.8 Q
3.1Wave motion — Progressive waves; Velocity of sound in solids, liquids and gases and the factors affecting it
3.2Stationary waves — Velocity, harmonics and overtones in pipes and strings
3.3Acoustic phenomena — Pressure amplitude; intensity, loudness, quality and pitch; Doppler effect: concept, calculations and applications
3.4Reflection, refraction and dispersion — Reflection at curved mirrors; Refraction at plane surfaces and in lenses; Dispersion, chromatic aberration and achromatism
3.5Interference — Concept, conditions and applications; Young's double-slit experiment
3.6Diffraction and polarisation — Concept and conditions of diffraction; single slit and diffraction grating; Resolving power of optical instruments; Polarisation and Brewster's law
4.Current electricity and magnetism7 ch.9 Q
4.1Electrical quantities — Ohm's and Joule's laws; Resistance, emf, potential difference, energy and power
4.2Electrical circuits — Kirchhoff's laws and combinations of resistors; Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge and potentiometer; Galvanometer as ammeter and voltmeter
4.3Thermoelectric effect — Seebeck and Peltier effects; Thermocouple calculations
4.4Alternating currents — Peak and rms values; Impedance, power, Q-factor and phase in LRC circuits; Rectification using a diode bridge
4.5Magnetic properties of materials — Domains, relative permeability, susceptibility and hysteresis in dia-, para- and ferromagnetic materials
4.6Magnetic field — B-field around a straight conductor, a circular coil and a long solenoid; Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying conductor or coil in a uniform field; Hall effect
4.7Electromagnetic induction — Faraday's and Lenz's laws; AC generator, transformer and eddy currents; Self and mutual inductance; energy stored in an inductor
5.Electrostatics and capacitors3 ch.4 Q
5.1Electric charge and electric field — Field due to point charges; Electrostatic induction; Coulomb's law and its applications
5.2Field strength, potential and potential energy — Concepts, calculations and graphical analysis; Gauss's law and applications
5.3Capacitors — Principle of a capacitor; parallel-plate capacitor; Combinations of capacitors and energy density; Effect of a dielectric
6.Modern physics7 ch.12 Q
6.1Nuclear physics — Nucleus: charge, size, mass and density; Mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and Einstein's mass–energy relation; Nuclear fusion and fission
6.2Electron — Motion of an electron in electric and magnetic fields; Millikan's oil-drop experiment; J. J. Thomson's experiment
6.3Photon and the photoelectric effect — Concept, laws and calculations related to photons and the photoelectric effect
6.4Wave–particle duality and X-rays — Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom: spectral series and energy levels; de Broglie waves and the uncertainty principle; Production, properties and uses of X-rays; Bragg's law
6.5Radioactivity — Laws and units of radioactivity; properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays; Half-life, mean life and their relation; carbon dating; Medical uses of nuclear radiation and health hazards
6.6Solids and semiconductor devices — Energy bands in metals, semiconductors and insulators; Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors; p–n diode, biasing and the diode as a rectifier; Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND
4.1Figure series and matrices — Next figure in a sequence (the MEC sample question); 3×3 matrices
4.2Mirror and water images — Reflections of letters, numbers and figures
4.3Paper folding and cutting — Unfolded patterns
4.4Nets, cubes and dice — Which 3D shape a 2D net makes (the MEC sample question); Dice faces; Counting cubes
4.5Embedded and hidden figures — Find the figure hidden inside a complex figure
Ethers
— Nomenclature, classification and isomerism; Williamson's synthesis; Chemical properties of diethyl ether
3.7Aldehydes and ketones — Nomenclature and isomerism; Preparation and chemical properties of aliphatic carbonyl compounds; Preparation and properties of benzaldehyde
3.8Carboxylic acids and their derivatives — Nomenclature and isomerism; Preparation and chemical properties of monocarboxylic acids; Preparation, properties and relative reactivity of acid halides, anhydrides, amides and esters
3.9Nitro compounds — Nomenclature and isomerism; Preparation and chemical properties of nitroalkanes and nitrobenzene
3.10Amines — Nomenclature, classification and isomerism; Preparation of primary amines; Basicity of amines; Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann's method; Preparation and chemical properties of aniline
3.11Organometallic compounds — General formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper and organocadmium compounds; Metal–carbon bonding; Preparation and chemical properties of Grignard reagent
— Particles and antiparticles; leptons and quarks; Higgs boson; Nanotechnology; Big Bang theory and Hubble's law