Sort any named vaccine into live attenuated, inactivated or toxoid, explain how each is made and why its dose schedule and safety differ, and know which types sit in Nepal's national schedule.
Unit 6 carries 4 of the 40 zoology marks; vaccines usually take one. The MEC scope line names three types: Live attenuated; Inactivated; Toxoid. The paper asks you to sort named vaccines into those three bins, say how each is made, and reason about their strengths and dangers. Three ways it is asked:
A vaccine is a preparation of an antigen that provokes artificial active immunity: the body makes its own antibodies and memory cells without suffering the disease. The word comes from vacca, cow: in 1796 Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps with cowpox and showed it protected against smallpox. Louis Pasteur made the first laboratory-attenuated vaccines (chicken cholera, anthrax) and in 1885 saved Joseph Meister with a rabies vaccine. Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, the only human disease so far. When enough of a population is immune, transmission chains break and the unvaccinated are shielded: herd immunity, needing about 92–95% coverage for measles (R0 12–18) but only about 80–86% for polio.
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