Fundamental particles, quarks and leptons, four forces, conventional and renewable energy, stars, the Sun, and Big Bang cosmology.
Matter at the deepest level is built from two families of fundamental fermions:
+2/3 e (u, c, t) and −1/3 e (d, s, b). Quarks are never observed free (confinement).Composite particles (hadrons):
uud (charge +1), neutron = udd (charge 0).Every particle has an antiparticle of equal mass and opposite charge — positron (e⁺, predicted by Dirac, found by Anderson), antiproton. Particle–antiparticle annihilation converts all mass to photons via E = mc²; pair production is the reverse (a γ-photon of at least 1.02 MeV creates an e⁻e⁺ pair).
Upgrade to unlock this and every premium study note, formula sheet and high-yield summary — plus unlimited mocks and full solutions.
See the plansPhysics Formula Sheet — Rapid Revision
Every Physics relation on the MECEE-BL blueprint on one page: mechanics, heat, waves and optics, electricity and magnetism, modern physics — with the constants and unit traps that cost marks.
Physical Quantities, Vectors and Scalars: Units, Errors, Resultants
SI units and prefixes, precision against accuracy, significant-figure arithmetic, error combination, the dimensional formulae that get asked, and every vector law from the parallelogram to the river crossing.
Kinematics: Motion Graphs, Free Fall and the Projectile
The three equations of motion, what every slope and area on a motion graph means, free-fall and relative-motion numericals, the full projectile set, and what air resistance does to all of it.
Dynamics: Newton's Laws, Momentum, Energy, Collisions, Friction
Free-body reasoning from Newton's three laws, the equilibrium conditions and Lami's theorem, impulse and momentum conservation, work-energy and power, the collision formulae, and every friction case the paper sets.