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Reading library›Physics

Physics

50 of 200 questions · 6 units · 37 chapters · 45 notes

Practise PhysicsContribute
All subjectsZoology40 QBotany40 QChemistry50 QPhysics50 QMental Agility Test20 Q
Units and progress

Units

  1. 1.Mechanics10 Q
  2. 2.Heat and thermodynamics7 Q
  3. 3.Waves and optics8 Q
  4. 4.Current electricity and magnetism9 Q
  5. 5.Electrostatics and capacitors4 Q
  6. 6.Modern physics12 Q
Chapters with notes
37/37

Order and scope follow the MEC syllabus, third revision (2026-04-28). Blueprint

Units

  1. 1.Mechanics10 Q
  2. 2.Heat and thermodynamics7 Q
  3. 3.Waves and optics8 Q
  4. 4.Current electricity and magnetism9 Q
  5. 5.Electrostatics and capacitors4 Q
  6. 6.Modern physics12 Q
Chapters with notes37/37

Order and scope follow the MEC syllabus, third revision (2026-04-28). Blueprint

Whole-subject revision

Sheets that span every unit — open these the week before the paper.

Physics Formula Sheet — Rapid RevisionEvery Physics relation on the MECEE-BL blueprint on one page: mechanics, heat, waves and optics, electricity and magnetism, modern physics — with the constants and unit traps that cost marks.18 minPremiumLocked
1

Mechanics

10 questions in the paper · 8 chapters · 8/8 with notes

10 Q

Unit overview

Mechanics: Unit Map and Reading OrderWhat the Mechanics unit covers, how many of the 50 Physics questions it carries, and the order to read its eight chapter notes in.2 min
  1. 1.1

    Physical quantities, vectors and scalars

    Precision, accuracy, significant figures and dimensional analysis · Concept, laws and calculations related to vectors and scalars

    Physical Quantities, Vectors and Scalars: Units, Errors, ResultantsSI units and prefixes, precision against accuracy, significant-figure arithmetic, error combination, the dimensional formulae that get asked, and every vector law from the parallelogram to the river crossing.19 min
  2. 1.2

    Kinematics

    Concepts, calculations and graphical treatment of linear and projectile motion, with and without resistive force

    Kinematics: Motion Graphs, Free Fall and the ProjectileThe three equations of motion, what every slope and area on a motion graph means, free-fall and relative-motion numericals, the full projectile set, and what air resistance does to all of it.
2

Heat and thermodynamics

7 questions in the paper · 6 chapters · 6/6 with notes

7 Q

Unit overview

Heat and Thermodynamics: Unit Map and Reading OrderWhat the Heat and thermodynamics unit covers, how many of the 50 Physics questions it carries, and the order to read its six chapter notes in.2 min
  1. 2.1

    Thermal energy, heat, temperature and thermometers

    Concept of thermal energy, heat and temperature · Modes and laws of heat flow: zeroth law and Stefan–Boltzmann law · Liquid-in-glass, resistance and radiation thermometers: principle, advantages and limitations

    Heat, Temperature and Thermometers: What Each One Can Read
3

Waves and optics

8 questions in the paper · 6 chapters · 6/6 with notes

8 Q

Unit overview

Optics: Unit Map and Reading Order (the Light Half)What the optics half of Waves and optics covers, how many questions the unit carries, and the order to read its three chapter notes in.2 minSound: Unit Map and Reading Order (the Wave Half)What the sound half of Waves and optics covers, how many questions the unit carries, and the order to read its three chapter notes in.2 min
  1. 3.1
4

Current electricity and magnetism

9 questions in the paper · 7 chapters · 7/7 with notes

9 Q

Unit overview

Current Electricity and Magnetism: Unit Map and Reading OrderWhat the Current electricity and magnetism unit covers, how many of the 50 Physics questions it carries, and the order to read its seven chapter notes in.2 min
  1. 4.1

    Electrical quantities

    Ohm's and Joule's laws · Resistance, emf, potential difference, energy and power

    Electrical Quantities: Drift, Ohm, Resistivity and the Real CellDrift velocity and current, ohmic against non-ohmic conductors, resistivity and its temperature coefficient, Joule heating, emf against terminal pd, and the power and kilowatt-hour arithmetic behind every bulb question.
5

Electrostatics and capacitors

4 questions in the paper · 3 chapters · 3/3 with notes

4 Q

Unit overview

Electrostatics and Capacitors: Unit Map and Reading OrderWhat the Electrostatics and capacitors unit covers, how many of the 50 Physics questions it carries, and the order to read its three chapter notes in.2 min
  1. 5.1

    Electric charge and electric field

    Field due to point charges · Electrostatic induction · Coulomb's law and its applications

    Electric Charge and Electric Field: Coulomb, Induction, Field LinesCharge quantisation and conservation, the field of a point charge and of a dipole, why a neutral scrap of paper jumps to a comb, and every Coulomb's law numerical the paper can set.
6

Modern physics

12 questions in the paper · 7 chapters · 7/7 with notes

12 Q

Unit overview

Modern Physics: Unit Map and Reading OrderWhat the Modern physics unit covers, how many of the 50 Physics questions it carries, and the order to read its seven chapter notes in.2 min
  1. 6.1

    Nuclear physics

    Nucleus: charge, size, mass and density · Mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and Einstein's mass–energy relation · Nuclear fusion and fission

    Nuclear Physics: The Curve of Binding Energy and What It Pays ForNuclear size, mass and density from R = R₀A^⅓; mass defect and binding energy per nucleon; and one graph that explains why fusion below iron and fission above it both release energy.
15 min
  • 1.3

    Dynamics

    Newton's laws and equilibrium conditions · Force, impulse, momentum, torque, work, energy and power in linear motion · Collisions · Solid friction

    Dynamics: Newton's Laws, Momentum, Energy, Collisions, FrictionFree-body reasoning from Newton's three laws, the equilibrium conditions and Lami's theorem, impulse and momentum conservation, work-energy and power, the collision formulae, and every friction case the paper sets.18 minPremiumLocked
  • 1.4

    Rotational dynamics

    Moment of inertia (rigid uniform rod only) and radius of gyration · Torque, work, energy and power in rotational motion

    Rotational Dynamics: Moment of Inertia, Torque and RollingThe angular analogue of every linear quantity: moment of inertia of a uniform rod, radius of gyration, torque as Ialpha, rotational work and power, angular momentum conservation and the rolling energy split.12 minPremiumLocked
  • 1.5

    Fluid statics and dynamics

    Pressure, surface tension and surface energy, capillary action · Newton's law of viscosity, Stokes' law, Poiseuille's law and Bernoulli's principle, with applications

    Fluid Statics and Dynamics: The Physics of Blood and BubblesPressure and Pascal, Archimedes, surface tension and capillarity, viscosity and Stokes, Poiseuille's fourth-power law and Bernoulli — with the blood-flow physics behind every one.19 minPremiumLocked
  • 1.6

    Circular and periodic motion

    Displacement, velocity, acceleration and centripetal force in horizontal and vertical circles · Simple harmonic motion: period, frequency, displacement, amplitude, velocity, acceleration, restoring force and energy, with graphical treatment · Concept of forced oscillations

    Circular and Periodic Motion: Round the Loop and Back AgainAngular quantities and centripetal force in horizontal and vertical circles, then simple harmonic motion end to end — equations, graphs, energy, and forced oscillation and resonance.14 minPremiumLocked
  • 1.7

    Gravity

    Gravitational force, acceleration, field strength, energy and potential: laws, calculations and graphical treatment

    Gravity: Newton's Law, Fields, Orbits and Escape VelocityNewton's inverse-square law and G, how g varies with height, depth and latitude, gravitational potential and its negative sign, escape and orbital velocities, satellites and Kepler's laws.12 minPremiumLocked
  • 1.8

    Elasticity

    Stress, strain, moduli of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and energy density

    Elasticity: Stress, Strain and the Curve That Ends in a BreakStress and strain of all three kinds, Hooke's law and the named points on the stress–strain curve, Young's, bulk and shear moduli, Poisson's ratio, energy density and elastic hysteresis.11 minPremiumLocked
  • Heat against temperature against internal energy, the scales and the −40 coincidence, the zeroth law, conduction, convection and radiation, and the three thermometers MEC names side by side.
    18 minPremiumLocked
  • 2.2

    Thermal expansion

    Linear, superficial and cubical expansion · Real and apparent expansion of liquids

    Thermal Expansion: One Coefficient, Three DimensionsWhy α : β : γ is 1 : 2 : 3, how a hole and a bimetallic strip behave, why a pendulum clock loses time in summer, and the real-against-apparent expansion of a liquid in its vessel.14 minPremiumLocked
  • 2.3

    Quantity of heat

    Heat capacity and specific heat capacity · Latent heats · Triple point

    Quantity of Heat: Mixtures, Latent Heat and the Triple PointHeat capacity against specific heat capacity, the method of mixtures done cleanly, latent heats and the heating curve read properly, evaporation against boiling, and the triple point of water.14 minPremiumLocked
  • 2.4

    Ideal gas

    Molecular properties of an ideal gas · Pressure, volume, temperature, rms speed and energy

    Ideal Gas: Where Pressure and Temperature Come FromThe kinetic-theory assumptions, P = ⅓ρc̄² and what it proves, the three molecular speeds and their ratio, energy as (3/2)k_BT per molecule, degrees of freedom, and C_p − C_v = R.17 minPremiumLocked
  • 2.5

    First law of thermodynamics

    Thermodynamic systems and processes: adiabatic, isothermal, isochoric and isobaric

    First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU = Q − W and the Four ProcessesThe sign convention that physics keeps and chemistry reverses, work as the area under a P–V curve, and the isothermal, isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic processes set side by side.17 minPremiumLocked
  • 2.6

    Second law of thermodynamics

    Heat engines (internal combustion) and refrigerators · Concept of entropy

    Second Law of Thermodynamics: Engines, Fridges and EntropyKelvin–Planck and Clausius, engine efficiency and the Carnot ceiling η = 1 − T₂/T₁, petrol against diesel stroke by stroke, the coefficient of performance of a fridge, and entropy as ΔS = Q/T.17 minPremiumLocked
  • Wave motion

    Progressive waves · Velocity of sound in solids, liquids and gases and the factors affecting it

    Wave Motion: Why Sound Travels at 332 m/s and Not 280Progressive waves and their equation, particle velocity against wave velocity, the four speed formulas, and the Newton–Laplace correction with every factor that does and does not change the speed of sound in air.12 minPremiumLocked
  • 3.2

    Stationary waves

    Velocity, harmonics and overtones in pipes and strings

    Stationary Waves: Pipes, Strings and the Harmonics Each AllowsHow two opposed waves build nodes and antinodes, the four laws of a vibrating string, the closed-against-open-pipe table with end correction, the resonance tube and beats.12 minPremiumLocked
  • 3.3

    Acoustic phenomena

    Pressure amplitude; intensity, loudness, quality and pitch · Doppler effect: concept, calculations and applications

    Acoustic Phenomena: Loudness, Pitch and the Doppler Shift in BloodPressure amplitude and intensity, the decibel scale, the three characteristics of a musical note, and the Doppler effect in all four cases plus one general formula, ending in the echocardiogram.15 minPremiumLocked
  • 3.4

    Reflection, refraction and dispersion

    Reflection at curved mirrors · Refraction at plane surfaces and in lenses · Dispersion, chromatic aberration and achromatism

    Reflection, Refraction and Dispersion: One Sign Convention, Every ImageMirrors, plane refraction, total internal reflection, prisms, lenses and dispersion in one chapter, held together by a single sign convention and two formulae that differ by one sign.19 minPremiumLocked
  • 3.5

    Interference

    Concept, conditions and applications · Young's double-slit experiment

    Interference: Where Two Waves Agree, and Where They CancelSuperposition, the coherence that makes fringes stay still, the two path-difference conditions, and Young's geometry with every symbol in the fringe width defined.13 minPremiumLocked
  • 3.6

    Diffraction and polarisation

    Concept and conditions of diffraction; single slit and diffraction grating · Resolving power of optical instruments · Polarisation and Brewster's law

    Diffraction and Polarisation: Light Bends, and Light Picks a PlaneThe single-slit minimum condition kept apart from the double-slit maximum, the grating equation and its highest order, Rayleigh's criterion, and Malus's and Brewster's laws with their geometry.14 minPremiumLocked
  • 15 minPremiumLocked
  • 4.2

    Electrical circuits

    Kirchhoff's laws and combinations of resistors · Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge and potentiometer · Galvanometer as ammeter and voltmeter

    Electrical Circuits: Kirchhoff, Bridges, Potentiometer and MetersResistor combinations, Kirchhoff's rules worked with a stated sign convention on two circuits, Wheatstone and metre bridges with end error, the potentiometer null method, and both galvanometer conversions.19 minPremiumLocked
  • 4.3

    Thermoelectric effect

    Seebeck and Peltier effects · Thermocouple calculations

    Thermoelectric Effect: Seebeck, Peltier and the Emf ParabolaThe Seebeck and Peltier effects with their dates and direction rules, Peltier against Joule heating, and the thermo-emf parabola E = alpha-theta plus half-beta-theta-squared with neutral and inversion temperatures read off it.14 minPremiumLocked
  • 4.4

    Alternating currents

    Peak and rms values · Impedance, power, Q-factor and phase in LRC circuits · Rectification using a diode bridge

    Alternating Currents: Phase, Impedance, Resonance and RectifiersPeak, rms and half-cycle mean values kept apart, the phase and reactance table for pure R, L and C, LRC impedance with power factor, resonance and Q-factor, and the full-wave diode bridge.16 minPremiumLocked
  • 4.5

    Magnetic properties of materials

    Domains, relative permeability, susceptibility and hysteresis in dia-, para- and ferromagnetic materials

    Magnetic Properties of Materials: Domains and the Hysteresis LoopB, H, M, χ and μ_r locked together; the dia/para/ferro table with the Curie law; domain theory; and the hysteresis loop read as a diagram, down to which metal goes in which machine.16 minPremiumLocked
  • 4.6

    Magnetic field

    B-field around a straight conductor, a circular coil and a long solenoid · Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying conductor or coil in a uniform field · Hall effect

    Magnetic Field: Three Standard Results and the Force They ProduceThe straight wire, the coil centre and the solenoid kept apart; the Lorentz force, circular motion and the velocity selector; BIL, parallel wires, coil torque and the Hall voltage.17 minPremiumLocked
  • 4.7

    Electromagnetic induction

    Faraday's and Lenz's laws · AC generator, transformer and eddy currents · Self and mutual inductance; energy stored in an inductor

    Electromagnetic Induction: Lenz's Law Is Conservation of EnergyFlux and Faraday's law, Lenz's law argued from energy rather than memorised, motional emf, the AC generator and transformer, eddy currents, and self and mutual inductance with ½LI².18 minPremiumLocked
  • 18 minPremiumLocked
  • 5.2

    Field strength, potential and potential energy

    Concepts, calculations and graphical analysis · Gauss's law and applications

    Field Strength, Potential and Potential Energy: Gauss and GraphsThe scalar that makes electrostatics easy: potential and potential energy, E = −dV/dr, equipotentials, the electron-volt, and Gauss's law applied to a sheet, a conductor and a shell with its graphs.17 minPremiumLocked
  • 5.3

    Capacitors

    Principle of a capacitor; parallel-plate capacitor · Combinations of capacitors and energy density · Effect of a dielectric

    Capacitors: Combinations, Energy and the Dielectric TableC = Q/V and why the plate area and the gap set it, series and parallel the other way round from resistors, ½CV² and ½ε₀E², and what a dielectric does with the battery connected and with it disconnected.16 minPremiumLocked
  • 18 minPremiumLocked
  • 6.2

    Electron

    Motion of an electron in electric and magnetic fields · Millikan's oil-drop experiment · J. J. Thomson's experiment

    Electron: Crossed Fields, e/m and Charge That Comes in LumpsHow an electron moves in electric and magnetic fields, the velocity selector, Millikan's force balance that proved charge is quantised, and Thomson's crossed-field measurement of e/m.18 minPremiumLocked
  • 6.3

    Photon and the photoelectric effect

    Concept, laws and calculations related to photons and the photoelectric effect

    Photon and the Photoelectric Effect: Why Brightness Does Not HelpWhat a photon is, the four photoelectric observations wave theory cannot explain, Einstein's KE_max = hν − φ, and the two graphs the paper asks you to read.16 minPremiumLocked
  • 6.4

    Wave–particle duality and X-rays

    Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom: spectral series and energy levels · de Broglie waves and the uncertainty principle · Production, properties and uses of X-rays; Bragg's law

    Wave–Particle Duality and X-rays: Bohr, de Broglie, BraggBohr's postulates and his derived rₙ, vₙ and Eₙ, the five spectral series in one table, de Broglie's λ = h/p and the uncertainty principle, and the X-ray spectrum with Bragg's law.29 minPremiumLocked
  • 6.5

    Radioactivity

    Laws and units of radioactivity; properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays · Half-life, mean life and their relation; carbon dating · Medical uses of nuclear radiation and health hazards

    Radioactivity: The Decay Law, Half-Life and Medical IsotopesThe α, β and γ comparison table, N = N₀e^(−λt) with activity in becquerels and curies, half-life and mean life τ = 1.44 T, carbon dating worked through, and the medical radioisotopes.22 minPremiumLocked
  • 6.6

    Solids and semiconductor devices

    Energy bands in metals, semiconductors and insulators · Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors · p–n diode, biasing and the diode as a rectifier · Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND

    Solid State & Semiconductor Electronics: Diodes, Transistors and Logic GatesEnergy bands, doping, p-n junction, rectifiers, Zener regulation, transistor action and all five logic gates with truth tables.12 minPremiumLocked
  • 6.7

    Particle physics and recent trends

    Particles and antiparticles; leptons and quarks; Higgs boson · Nanotechnology · Big Bang theory and Hubble's law

    Particle Physics, Sources of Energy & the UniverseFundamental particles, quarks and leptons, four forces, conventional and renewable energy, stars, the Sun, and Big Bang cosmology.12 minPremiumLocked