The unit in one line
Seven named infections, how the body defends itself, and the three kinds of vaccine that train it. The 2026 revision promoted this out of Human Biology into a unit of its own: 4 of Zoology's 40 questions over three chapters.
Read in this order
- Microbial diseases (10 min) — typhoid, tuberculosis, HIV, cholera, influenza, hepatitis and candidiasis, one row each: pathogen, route, sign, test, treatment and vaccine.
- Immunity (10 min) — innate versus acquired, the active/passive and natural/artificial grid, antigens and the five antibody classes.
- Vaccines (10 min) — live attenuated, inactivated and toxoid, and which of them sit in Nepal's national schedule. Read after immunity: every vaccine is an application of it.
About 30 minutes in all.
How it is asked
Recall is pathogen names and tests: the organism behind typhoid, the Widal and Mantoux tests, which antibody crosses the placenta. Understanding is why a toxoid protects against the disease but not the infection, or why a booster works faster than the first dose. Application describes a patient or a vaccination record and asks for the disease or the vaccine type.
Then practise
Each chapter has a chapter test under Practice › Topics.