40 of 200 questions · 9 units · 35 chapters · 46 notes
Order and scope follow the MEC syllabus, third revision (2026-04-28). Blueprint
Sheets that span every unit — open these the week before the paper.
2 questions in the paper · 2 chapters · 2/2 with notes
Structure, types and biological role of carbohydrates · Lipids · Minerals
Structure, types and biological role of proteins · Enzymes
9 questions in the paper · 11 chapters · 11/11 with notes
General concept of classification · Two-kingdom system · Taxonomic hierarchies and binomial nomenclature · Five-kingdom system · Three-domain system
4 questions in the paper · 3 chapters · 3/3 with notes
Structural and functional aspects of pond and forest ecosystems · Biotic interactions
5 questions in the paper · 3 chapters · 3/3 with notes
Concept of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells · Cell theory
6 questions in the paper · 5 chapters · 5/5 with notes
Composition, structure and functions of DNA and RNA · DNA replication · Concept of the central dogma · Genetic code
3 questions in the paper · 2 chapters · 2/2 with notes
Concept, characters, classification, structure and functions of the different types of plant tissue · Types of vascular bundles
6 questions in the paper · 4 chapters · 4/4 with notes
Diffusion, diffusion pressure and diffusion pressure deficit · Osmosis and its types · Plasmolysis · Osmotic pressure, osmotic potential, water potential, wall potential, turgor pressure and wall pressure · Transpiration · Ascent of sap · Absorption, imbibition, guttation and wilting
2 questions in the paper · 2 chapters · 2/2 with notes
Asexual reproduction · Sporogenesis and gametogenesis in angiosperms · Pollination and its types · Fertilisation
3 questions in the paper · 3 chapters · 3/3 with notes
Introduction, concept, types and applications
Structure of the bacterial cell · Types of bacteria · Mode of nutrition in bacteria · Bacterial growth · General characteristics of cyanobacteria · Characteristics, structure and chemical composition of viruses · Types of viruses
Characteristic features of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes · Structure and reproduction of yeast and Mucor · Introduction and types of lichens
General introduction · Characteristic features of Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae · Structure and reproduction of Spirogyra
Characteristic features of Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthocerotopsida (hornworts) and Bryopsida (mosses) · Morphological structure and reproduction of Marchantia
Characteristic features of pteridophytes · Morphological structure and reproduction of Dryopteris
Characteristic features of gymnosperms · Morphological structure and reproduction of Pinus
Morphology of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower and fruit
Diagnostic characters, floral formulae and floral diagrams of Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae
Economic importance of viruses, bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms of Nepal
Azadirachta indica (Neem) · Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarpagandha) · Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba) · Ocimum sanctum (Tulasi) · Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
Carbon cycle · Nitrogen cycle · Greenhouse effect · Acid rain · Ozone layer depletion · Climate change
Forest types of Nepal · Biological invasion · Ecological succession · Concept of ecological adaptation (hydrosere and xerosere)
Composition, structure and functions of the cell wall and cell membrane · Mitochondria · Chloroplasts · Endoplasmic reticulum · Golgi body · Lysosome · Ribosome · Nucleus and chromosomes · Cilia and flagella · Cell inclusions
Concept of the cell cycle · Amitosis, mitosis and meiosis · Cell division and its significance
General terminology · Laws of inheritance · Incomplete dominance · Co-dominance
Concept and types of linkage · Complete and incomplete linkage · Concept and significance of crossing over
Concepts and patterns of sex-linked inheritance · Colour blindness in humans · Eye colour in Drosophila melanogaster
Concept and types of mutation (gene and chromosomal) · Importance of mutation · Polyploidy: origin, types and significance · Causes and examples of genetic disorders: Down's, Turner's, Edward's and Klinefelter's syndromes, albinism, haemophilia
T.S. and L.S. of monocot and dicot root, stem and leaf
Introduction and significance · Photosynthetic pigments · Photosystem I and II · Light-dependent reactions · Calvin–Benson cycle (C3) · Hatch–Slack pathway (C4) · Photorespiration · Factors affecting photosynthesis · Concept of bacterial photosynthesis
Introduction, significance and types of respiration · Mechanism of aerobic and anaerobic respiration · Glycolysis · Oxidative decarboxylation and Krebs (TCA) cycle · Electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation · Anaerobic respiration and its mechanism · Factors affecting respiration
Physiological roles and applications of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins · Seed germination and its types · Seed dormancy
Structure of monocot and dicot embryo · Types and functions of endosperm
Introduction, concept and applications
Biofertilisers · Green manures · Plant breeding · Bio-engineering · Food safety and security