Name each interphase stage and checkpoint, pick out every mitotic phase and prophase-I substage by one identifying event, track chromosome and DNA counts through both divisions, and say why mitosis and meiosis matter.
Unit 4 carries 5 of the 40 botany marks; with three chapters sharing them, this one averages under two (MEC publishes weights by unit, not by chapter). The MEC scope line: Concept of the cell cycle; Amitosis, mitosis and meiosis; Cell division and its significance. Three ways it is asked:
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See the plansGenetics Ratios & Cell Division Cheat Sheet
Mendelian ratios, mitosis vs meiosis, and DNA base-pairing rules in one page.
Botany Rapid Revision — Cycles, Pigments & Pathways
Photosynthesis and respiration accounting, plant hormones, life-cycle patterns and the classification characters that carry the 40-mark Botany block.
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Minerals: Sugars, Fats and What Soil Supplies
Sort sugars by size, linkage and reducing power, tell starch from cellulose from chitin, classify lipids and fatty acids, and match each plant mineral to its role and deficiency symptom.
Proteins and Enzymes: Folding, Catalysis and Inhibition
Build a protein from amino acids up to quaternary structure, classify proteins by shape and composition, name the enzyme classes, and predict how temperature, pH, substrate and inhibitors change the rate.